Fluorine-free super-repellency to water and organic liquids

Abstract

Super-repellent surfaces, characterized by high contact angles and extremely low sliding angles for both water and organic liquids, hold potential for applications in self-cleaning, anti-fouling, anti-icing and oil–water separation. In particular, fluorine-free super-repellent materials have attracted attention owing to their ability to deliver comparable performance to fluorinated systems while minimizing environmental and health risks. Through microscale or nanoscale surface structuring and fluorine-free low-surface-energy chemistries, robust repellency can be achieved across diverse substrates, offering broad material compatibility and enhanced sustainability. The design and fabrication o..